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Phthora nana (Medieval Greek ) is one of the ten modes of the Hagiopolitan Octoechos consisting of 8 diatonic echoi and two additional phthorai. It is used in different traditions of Orthodox chant until today (→ Neobyzantine Octoechos). The name "nana" is taken from the syllables (written in ligatures "ʅʅ") sung during the intonation which precedes a melody composed in this mode. The name "phthora" derived from the verb and means "destroy" or "corrupt". It was usually referred to the diatonic genus of the eight mode system and as a sign used in Byzantine chant notation it indicated a "change to another genus" (), in the particular case of phthora nana a change to the enharmonic genus. Today the "nana" intonation has become the standard name of the third authentic mode which is called "echos tritos" () in Greek and "third glas" () in Old Church Slavonic. == The different functions of phthora nana == In the theory and notation of Byzantine and Orthodox chant nana is the name of a special phthora which had been used in different ways according to its historic context:〔For a general description of the different aspects of phthora see Ioannis Zannos (1994, 181–187).〕 #as a phthora which has its proper melos (intonation and cadence formulas), it may denote a special kind of echos (mode) that has been identified with the ''echos tritos'' (third mode) since the 16th century, but deviates from the later diatonic ''echos tritos'' by the division of its tonal system and its tetrachord. The name "" (ʅʅ) was used for its proper enechema, and within the Hagiopolitan Octoechos whole troparia can be found in the tropologion or the chant book Octoechos which are composed in the melos of ''phthora nana'' (). #within the heirmologic or sticheraric melos, it may denote a temporary change to the enharmonic genus () and to the triphonic tone system () within another mode, like ''echos tritos'', ''echos plagios tetartos'' or ''echos plagios protos'' (plagal first mode) for instance, to an intervallic structure and tone system that is proper to phthora nana as an own echos.〔See André Barbera's article about "Metabole." "Triphonia" () is the Greek name for a tone system which is organized in conjunct tetrachords, in case of Nana: C —D —E —F —G —a —b flat . It also corresponds to the ancient Greek "lesser perfect system."〕 #as ''echos kratema'', phthora nana could used as an own mode which had been used in improvised sections like ''kratemata'' or ''teretismoi'' which had been sung over abstract syllables. Byzantine composers like Manuel Chrysaphes the Lampadarios mentioned, that the phthora nana always leads to the echos plagios tetartos (fourth plagal mode), before the melos can change into another mode. #as exoteric "phthora atzem", the sign was used for the transcription of music composed in ''makam acem'', a makam connected to a certain Persian dastgah. #as a modulation sign, phthora nana played a crucial role to change between the third to the plagal fourth mode. Hence, there can be found some parallels between the b flat as used by Guido of Arezzo, and the temporary use of phthora nana in psaltic compositions which changed between the modes. As such ''phthora nana'' was used as an alteration sign within the heptaphonic solfeggio of Chrysanthos' New Method, which transcribed its triphonic tone system by a frequent use transposition (a certain which turns into similar to the Guidonian mutation memorised as «F fa ut»). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nana (echos)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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